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The international program that uses a sophisticated, high-tech, satellite-to-ground relay system to find and rescue people from potentially deadly situations is celebrating 25 years of operation. Since its creation in 1982, the Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking program, or COSPAS-SARSAT, has been credited with more than 22,000 rescues worldwide, including nearly 6,000 in the United States and its surrounding waters.

Meghan Miner, a contract fisheries observer for the NOAA Fisheries Service, was one of the thousands saved. At a press briefing today at the SARSAT Mission Control Center in Suitland, Md., Miner described her rescue from a fishing vessel that sank Friday, Sept. 28, 2007, 40 miles southeast of Nantucket Island.

“Before the boat went down, I activated my personal locator beacon,” Miner said. She and five other crew members then boarded a life raft. A U.S. Coast Guard helicopter that received the location of the distress signal, guided a rescue vessel toward the raft. “It was getting dark, and it was raining, but we began seeing lights from other boats and we fired off flares. Within 45 minutes one of the boats was along side us,” Miner said.

Top officials from NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Air Force — the agencies that comprise the well-coordinated U.S. portion of the SARSAT program — spoke about its benefits to the nation.

“For 25 years, the SARSAT program has done what it was intended to do — save lives,” said retired Navy Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. “Just like with Meghan, the success of SARSAT lies in the people who are saved, and that’s a direct result of this interagency and international partnership.”

”The U.S. Coast Guard has save more than a million lives, since our founding in 1790, and for the past 25 years, SARSAT has played a major role in assisting us locate and rescue those in distress,” said Rear Admiral Wayne E. Justice, assistant commandant for response operations.

“Since the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center opened in 1974, we have seen almost 14,000 lives saved by the their quick reaction,” said Maj. Gen. (Select) Marke F. Gibson, Director of Operations, Deputy Chief of Staff, Air, Space and Information Operations, Plans and Requirements. "When a human life is hanging in the balance, every minute counts when responding to a distress signal."

Lautenbacher also announced that NOAA awarded an $18 million contract to Science Systems and Application, Inc., of Lanham, Md., to provide around-the-clock technical and operational support for the Mission Control Center. “This type of support means SARSAT will save many more lives for the foreseeable future,” he said.


Partnership in Motion
NOAA's polar and geostationary environmental satellites are critical to the SARSAT system. A global network of spacecraft, including all of NOAA’s satellites and spacecraft flown by NOAA’s partners, quickly detect and locate distress signals from emergency beacons onboard aircraft, boats and from hand-held personal locator beacons.

When a NOAA satellite pinpoints a distress location within the United States, or its surrounding waters, the information is relayed to the Mission Control Center and sent to a Rescue Coordination Center, operated either by the Air Force for land rescues, or Coast Guard for water rescues.

Changeover to 406 Frequency
Older emergency beacons, which operate on the 121.5 and 243 megahertz frequencies, will be phased out by Feb. 1, 2009, when 406 megahertz beacons will become the new standard. A key advantage of some of the 406 megahertz beacons is they use Global Positioning System technology for instant detection, leading to faster rescues.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department, is celebrating 200 years of science and service to the nation. From the establishment of the Survey of the Coast in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson to the formation of the Weather Bureau and the Commission of Fish and Fisheries in the 1870s, much of America's scientific heritage is rooted in NOAA.

NOAA is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and information service delivery for transportation, and by providing environmental stewardship of our nation's coastal and marine resources. Through the emerging Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), NOAA is working with its federal partners, more than 70 countries and the European Commission to develop a global monitoring network that is as integrated as the planet it observes, predicts and protects.

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Pain Management: Treating Mind and Body



Scheman stresses the importance of approaching pain both physically and emotionally and addressing "people as entire human beings.” So while chronic pain medication can be effective and important for pain management for many people, it isn't the only tool available when it comes to pain treatment, and it shouldn't be the only tool that's used.



Medications. "There are a lot of medications that are prescribed for pain," says Scheman, although she notes that opioids (narcotics) and benzodiazepines may not be the best options. Those treatments "have their own problems, and there are no good studies on using opioids for long periods of time for the treatment of chronic pain."



Types of chronic pain medication used include:



NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), including ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Antidepressants, which can improve sleep and alleviate pain

Anti-seizure medications, which can be effective in treating pain related to nerve damage or injury

Steroids, like dexamethasone and prednisone, to alleviate inflammation and pain

Therapy. Therapy can be aimed at both the mind and the body. Says Scheman, "I try to look at any of these therapies as not being purely physical or purely psychological — we are always a mixture of both of those things."



Physical therapy is a very important part of any pain management program. Pain can be worsened by exercise that isn't done correctly (or interpreted incorrectly as pain rather than overuse), and a physical therapist can tailor the right exercise regimen for you. Proper exercise slowly builds your tolerance and reduces your pain — you won’t end up overdoing it and giving up because it hurts.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy allows people to "learn and have a better understanding of what the pain is from, and what they can do about it," says Scheman. This therapy is really about understanding the role of pain in your life and what it actually means for you, add Scheman.

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Anti-inflammatory medications

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be taken to alleviate the pain caused by inflammation.

They counteract an enzyme that contributes to inflammation. This either prevents or reduces pain.

Examples of NSAIDs include naproxen, ibuprofen, and aspirin, which are available to purchase online.



Avoid the long-term use of NSAIDs unless advised by a doctor. They increase a person's risk of stomach ulcers, which can result in severe, life-threatening bleeding.

NSAIDs may also worsen asthma symptoms, cause kidney damage, and increase the risk of having a stroke or heart attack.

Acetaminophen, such as paracetamol or Tylenol, can reduce pain without affecting the inflammation. They may be ideal for those wishing to treat just the pain while allowing the healing factor of the inflammation to run its course.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids, such as cortisol, are a class of steroid hormones that prevent a number of mechanisms involved in inflammation.

There are two sets of corticosteroids:

Glucocorticoids: These are prescribed for a range of conditions, including:

Arthritis, temporal arteritis, dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBS), systemic lupus, hepatitis, asthma, allergic reactions, sarcoidosis

Creams and ointments may be prescribed for inflammation of the skin, eyes, lungs, bowels, and nose.

Mineralocorticoids: These are used to treat cerebral salt wasting, and to replace important hormones for patients with adrenal insufficiency.

The side effects of corticosteroids are more likely if taken by mouth. Taking them with inhalers or injections can reduce the risk.

Inhaled medications, such as those used long-term to treat asthma, raise the risk of developing oral thrush. Rinsing the mouth out with water after each use can help prevent oral thrush.

Glucocorticoids can also cause Cushing's syndrome, while mineralocorticoids can cause high blood pressure, low blood potassium levels, connective tissue weakness, and problems with the levels of acids and alkalis in body tissue.

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Pain Management Schemes for all

Pain is a very common condition and it is an unpleasant sensation caused by stimulation of fine nerve endings. The occurrence of pain rises as people get older, and women are more likely to experience pain than men. A pain management specialist is a doctor who evaluates your pain and treats a wide range of pain problems. A pain management doctor treats sudden pain problems such as headaches and many types of long-lasting, chronic, pain such as low back pain. Patients are seen in a pain clinic and can go home the same day. Pain management doctors offer a mix of medication-based treatments and procedures, that can stop the pain at its source.

Types of pain treated by a pain management doctor

The types of pain treated by a pain management doctor fall into three main groups. The first is pain due to direct tissue injury, such as arthritis. The second type of pain is due to nerve injury or a nervous system disease, such as a stroke. The third type of pain is a mix of tissue and nerve injury, such as back pain. However, pain fall into two major categories namely: acute and chronic pain. Acute pain is a normal response to tissue injury, which starts suddenly and is usually short-lived. Chronic (ongoing) pain persists beyond the normal time of healing and generally lasts for longer than three months.

Pain may be anything from a dull ache to a sharp stab, and can range from mild to extreme. Pain may be located in one part of the body or it may be widespread.

Studies suggest that a person’s outlook and the way they cope emotionally with long-term (chronic) pain can influence their quality of life. Counselling can help support you to manage the emotional and psychological effects of chronic pain. Understanding the causes of your pain can help reduce your fear and anxiety.

The pain management clinic

Pain patients are seen in an outpatient pain clinic that has procedure rooms, with ultrasound and X-ray imaging. Sometimes, the pain doctor performs the procedures in a nearby hospital. Some pain doctors may offer you sedation during the treatments. However, this is not needed in many cases.

Key pain management strategies include:

• pain-relieving medications

• physical or occupational therapy

• complementary therapies (such as acupuncture and massage)

• counselling.

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Causes of pain

The most common causes of pain in adults include:

• injury

• medical conditions (such as cancer, arthritis and back problems)

• surgery.

The most commonly reported pains are headache and back pain (although pain involving the limbs, shoulder, neck and head is also common).